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MLA Style - 9th Edition : More

Annotated Bibliography

Style a source in an annotated bibliography just as you would one in a list of works cited, and then append an annotation to the end of the entry, indented an inch from the start of the entry. See template below. 

Basic Writing and Format Tips:

  • Start with the same format as a regular References list.

  • After each citation, the annotation is indented two spaces from the left margin as a block.

  • Each annotation should be one paragraph, between three to six sentences long (about 150-200 words).

  • All lines should be double-spaced. Do not add an extra line between the citations.

  • If your list of citations is especially long, you can organize it by topic.

  • Try to be objective, and give explanations if you state any opinions.

  • Use the third person (e.g., he, she, the author) instead of the first person (e.g., I, my, me).

Annotations

An annotation is a summary and/or evaluation. Therefore, an annotated bibliography includes a summary and/or critical evaluation of each of the sources. The annotated bibliography looks like a References page but includes an annotation after each full citation.

Annotated bibliographies can be part of a larger research project, or can be a stand-alone report in itself.

Depending on your project or the assignment, your annotations may do one or more of the following: 

  • Summarize

    • Some annotations merely summarize the source. What are the main arguments? What topics are covered? The length of your annotations will determine how detailed your summary is. Who wrote the document? When and where was the document written?

  • Assess

    • After summarizing a source, it may be helpful to evaluate it. Is it a useful source? How does it compare with other soruces in your biliography? What is the goal of this source?

  • Reflect

    • Once you've summarized and assessed a source, ask yourself how it fits into your research. How does it help shape your argument? How can you use this source in your research project?

Your annotated bibliography may include some of these, all of these, or even others. If you're doing this for a class, you should get specific guidelines from your instructor.

Plagiarism and Academic Dishonesty

Plagiarism is a violation of Felician University's Honor Code

Plagiarism, i.e., the representation of another’s work as one’s own.

  • Use of texts of papers prepared by commercial or noncommercial agents and submitted as a student's own work.
  • Submission of work downloaded from the internet. This includes entire essays or partial downloads if the source is not cited properly.
  • Submission of work prepared for another course without specific prior authorization of the instructors in both courses. Use of a student's own work, whether prepared in the relevant class or in another, is governed by all the rules of scholarship mentioned in the above section on plagiarism. A student may use citations, sources, whole sections of a paper so long as proper acknowledgement is made and the written permission of any instructors involved has been secured.

How to Avoid Plagiarism

  • Careful Research
  • Be scrupulous  in your research and note taking.
  • Giving Credit
    • Paraphrasing
    • Quoting

When Documentation is Not Needed

  • Documentation/citations are needed for any work that you quote from or paraphrase. Documentation is not required for: 
  • Common Knowledge - information that is widely available in reference works such as biographical facts and dates of historical events
  • Passing Mentions - when you mention a work or author in passing
  • Allusions - making an indirect or partial reference to a well-known passage that serves as a cultural touchstone 
  • Epigraphs - a short quotation at the beginning of a work that establishes its theme or mood (these should be used sparingly). Provide only the author and the title of the work, you do not need to include this in your Works Cited. 

 

Giving Credit

Paraphrasing allows you to maintain your voice while demonstrating that you understand your source because you can restate it in your own words.

A paraphrase should convey the important information in a passage in your own words and sentence structure. To properly give credit to your souce in MLA Style, you need to include an in - text citation directing your reader to a works-cited-list entry and, if you are citing a paginated bok, the location in the work where the idea is set forth.


Quoting can be effective when someone else's words are the focus of analysis or perfectly express an idea. Quote only words, phrases, lines, and passages that are particularly apt, and keep all qutations as brief as possible. Always explain the relevance of the quote. 

Quoting should NOT be used as a substitute for paraphrasing ideas you do not fully understand. Quoting and paraphrasing can be combined in one sentence. 

You must include quotation marks around the borrowed words and give credit ot the source. Include the in-text citation and the page number where the quoted material appears in the source. 


Example

At the intersection of language and culture lies a concept that Michael Agar calls "languaculture" (60). 

Works Cited

Agar, Michael. Language Shock: Understanding the Culture of Conversation. HarperCollins Publishers, 2016. 

Principles of Inclusive Language

Inclusive language aims to be respectful to others by treating language describing indiviidual and group identity with sensitivity and by avoiding bias that could make some people feel excluded. 

The following principles are intended to help writers choose inclusie language with regard to race and ethnicity, religion, gender, sexual orientation, ability, age, and economic or social status.These guidelines are generalized, see chapter 3 of the MLA Handbook for further information. 

  • Make references to identity relevant
  • Be precise
  • Choose terms of identity that respect your subject
  • Be thoughtful about capitalization and styling
  • Minimize pronouns that exclude
  • Avoid negatively judging others' experiences
  • Use a dictionary to check for offensive terms

 

Still Need Help?

Have an MLA Stye Question about something that is not covered on this guide?

Consult a librarian or the MLA Manual (can be found at the Library). 

Librarians are available via Live Chat during library hours, via email, or by appointment. 

Common Abbrebiations

Abbreviations should generally be used in the works-cited list and parenthetical citations. Spell out the words if confusion may result. Unless indicated, the plurals are formed through the addition of s. 

  • app. - appendix

  • bk. - book

  • ch. - chapter

  • col. - column

  • def. - definition

  • dept. - department

  • ed. - edition (but spell out editor, edited by)

  • e.g. - for example (from Latin exempli gratia; set off by commas, unless preceded by a different punctuation mark)

  • et al. - and others (from Latin et alii, et aliae, et alia)

  • etc.  - and so forth (from Latin et cetera; like most abbreviates, not appropriate in text)

  • fig. - figure

  • i.e. - that is (from Latin id est; set off by commas, uless preceded by a different punctuation mark)

  • MS, MSS - manuscript, manuscripts

  • n, nn - note, notes

  • no. - number

  • p., pp. - page, pages

  • par. - paragraph

  • qtd. - quoted

  • r. - recto

  • rev. - revised

  • sec. - section

  • st. - stanza

  • supp. - supplement

  • trans. - translation (but spell out translator, translated by)

  • U - University

  • un - unnumbered note

  • UP - University Press

  • vers. - version 

  • v.  - verso, versus

  • vol.  - volume